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1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">在她1794年的書籍《一篇關(guān)于燃燒的文章》中，蘇格蘭化學(xué)家Elizabeth Fulhame注意到了一個奇怪的現(xiàn)象：煤炭和木炭等物質(zhì)潮濕時會燃燒地更好。經(jīng)過很多實驗了解其背后的原因之后，她總結(jié)稱水會分解成氫和氧，它們可以與其他化合物產(chǎn)生相互作用從而使燃燒更加猛烈。在文末，F(xiàn)ulhame寫道，這一過程“形成了相當(dāng)于已分解的新水量”。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">很多歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這是關(guān)于催化劑的首個科學(xué)敘述：一種不會被消耗掉的、通過形成或打破化學(xué)鍵而加速化學(xué)反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)。如果沒有催化劑，現(xiàn)代化學(xué)的發(fā)展將難以想象?！八鼈儾恢蛔尰瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)變得可行，而且還以新方式引導(dǎo)其發(fā)生。”，美國加州大學(xué)圣塔芭芭拉分?；瘜W(xué)家Susannah Scott說，“它們非常強大?！?/span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">催化劑被用于化學(xué)行業(yè)約90%的生產(chǎn)過程中，并且是制造燃料、塑料、藥品和化肥的基本物質(zhì)。至少有15項諾貝爾獎被授予催化劑方面的研究工作。全球數(shù)以千萬計的化學(xué)家仍在繼續(xù)改善已有的催化劑，并設(shè)法發(fā)明新的催化劑。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">這些工作在一部分上是受到可持續(xù)發(fā)展興趣的驅(qū)動。催化劑的作用是沿著精確設(shè)定的通道引導(dǎo)化學(xué)反應(yīng)，從而讓化學(xué)家可以跳過反應(yīng)步驟、減少浪費、減少能源使用以及用更少的資源做更多的事情。對著對氣候變化和環(huán)境保護的日益關(guān)注，可持續(xù)性已經(jīng)變得越來越重要。催化劑是“綠色化學(xué)”的一個重要源泉：阻止污染發(fā)生的一項全行業(yè)的工作。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">催化劑還被認(rèn)為是解鎖比煤炭、石油或天然氣等更加惰性以及難以利用，但卻比其更加清潔的能源資源的關(guān)鍵。相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新步伐之大，讓一些專家甚至也難以追趕得上，密歇根大學(xué)化學(xué)家、帶領(lǐng)美國能源部研究新催化劑表現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Melanie Sanford說。“我們需要確定，我們在朝著最經(jīng)濟有效的方向推進科學(xué)?！?/span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1、降低價格</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">利用催化劑就像在反應(yīng)物A和產(chǎn)品B之間用推土機推出一條捷徑，以此繞過復(fù)雜且費時的化學(xué)通路。利用一種真正好的催化劑就像建造一條多車道高速公路。其中一些最好的是“均相”催化劑：自由漂浮分子與混合物融合在一起。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">這一類的工業(yè)催化劑通常含有一種起連接或打破化學(xué)鍵作用的金屬離子，并由“配體”圍繞著，它們經(jīng)常是基于碳的、控制反應(yīng)物接近金屬離子的相連團簇。這一領(lǐng)域的很多研究需要調(diào)節(jié)這些配體使其適宜生產(chǎn)一種只進行所需化學(xué)反應(yīng)的催化劑。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">然而不幸的是，到目前為止很多成功案例需要利用稀缺且昂貴的金屬，如鈀、鉑、釕、銥。今天，化學(xué)家正在努力建造價格更低廉、地球上更加豐富的元素如鐵、鎳或銅，或是完全不使用金屬。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">鎳在模仿鈀和鉑的化學(xué)性質(zhì)方面具有特變的吸引力，因為它在元素周期表中直接位于這兩個元素的上方，因此具有類似的特性。例如，在瑞士洛桑聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院，合成化學(xué)家Xile Hu及其團隊正在利用一種通用鎳化合物做研究，他們在2019年首次報告了該化合物研究成果。它由一個鎳離子以及圍繞其的單一大配體構(gòu)成，該配體在三個位點與其連接，而在第四個位點可供進行催化反應(yīng)。一種類似的配體已經(jīng)被用于特定的鉑催化劑。但是鎳離子的半徑比鉑粒子半徑幾乎小20%，因此Hu必須縮小配體使其更加緊密地與鎳粒子結(jié)合。為此，他在配體中用更小的氮原子替換了磷原子。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">該研究生成了一種剛性配體，當(dāng)其進行一系列廣泛的化學(xué)反應(yīng)時能夠保持鎳離子的穩(wěn)定。最初的鎳催化劑已經(jīng)可在商業(yè)上獲得，Hu正在系統(tǒng)地修飾這種配體，以形成一大類的催化劑。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2、溪流中的亂石</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">盡管其用途廣泛，但很多均相催化劑都較為脆弱。它們的內(nèi)部化學(xué)鍵在經(jīng)過長時間加熱或是與反應(yīng)分子相撞后會變?nèi)?，其配體會開始分解?！八鼈儠谝欢螘r間后死亡?！?Sanford說。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">這正是大規(guī)模產(chǎn)業(yè)更傾向于使用“多相”催化劑——當(dāng)反應(yīng)物流經(jīng)過時固定在一個地方的固體材料——的一大原因。一個經(jīng)典的例子是催化轉(zhuǎn)換器中能夠清除汽車尾氣的鉑金粉末和其他金屬混合物。過去，化學(xué)家在利用原子精度設(shè)計多相催化劑時有很大困難，因為很難制作和研究固體物質(zhì)中催化作用出現(xiàn)的積極位點。在多數(shù)情況下，他們需要通過實驗和試錯優(yōu)化催化劑。但是Scott表示，“人們對物質(zhì)的合成控制能力”正在改變。尤其是納米技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展正在讓化學(xué)家朝著固體催化劑的穩(wěn)健性以及均相催化劑的高表現(xiàn)力方向發(fā)力。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">在中國中科院大連化學(xué)物理研究所催化劑國家重點實驗室，該研究室主任李燦曾利用鉑和氧化鈷納米顆粒創(chuàng)建利用日光分解水的一種催化劑。他將納米顆粒黏貼到一種叫作釩酸鉍的半導(dǎo)體晶體上，其中每一種粒子都在每個晶體上被仔細(xì)地隔開。然后，他將晶體浸入水中，并將其暴露在日光下，光子會擊打半導(dǎo)體和松散的電子。其結(jié)果是形成納米粒子用來將水分解稱氫和氧的電流。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">氧氣會從氧化鈷的一端冒出來，而帶正電荷的氫離子則會移動到鉑粒子的一端?！拔覀儗⒒钚晕桓糸_，以此阻止逆反應(yīng)。”Li說，否則那樣就會讓氫氣和氧氣在水中發(fā)生危險的爆炸性轉(zhuǎn)化。Li表示，這一過程在經(jīng)濟可行性方面仍不夠有效，他的團隊正在檢測將半導(dǎo)體和金屬催化物結(jié)合細(xì)化這一設(shè)計。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3、平衡手性</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">當(dāng)制作較大的復(fù)雜分子如類固醇、抗生素或荷爾蒙時，一個棘手的挑戰(zhàn)涉及偏光力或是一個碳原子的“手性”。比如，一個攜帶4個不同基團的原子能夠擁有兩個相互映射圖像的立體矩陣，就像人的一雙手那樣。一各復(fù)雜的分子可能含有很多很自的碳原子，而即便是其中有一個存在錯誤配置，復(fù)合物最終也會與人體發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">其中一個眾所周知的粒子是鎮(zhèn)靜劑薩力多胺，這種在20世紀(jì)50年代研發(fā)的藥物目的是治療懷孕女性早晨的不良反應(yīng)。其中一個手性配置是有效且安全的。但是其鏡像圖像卻存在于非處方藥物中，導(dǎo)致嬰兒出生后會存在嚴(yán)重四肢畸形。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">來自生物量原料分子的一個鏈條中包含廣泛的手性碳原子，而且它們幾乎不能區(qū)分開來?！靶》肿哟呋瘎┍孀R不出它?！奔又荽髮W(xué)伯克利分校化學(xué)家John Hartwig說。取而代之的是，化學(xué)家正在轉(zhuǎn)向生物酶，它們足夠大，能夠識別目標(biāo)分子的整體形狀以及可能出現(xiàn)反應(yīng)的化學(xué)鍵位點。生物酶具有的一個優(yōu)勢是能夠用水作為溶解媒并在人體溫度下發(fā)生作用，從而使其比需要有毒溶劑和大量熱能的反應(yīng)過程更加環(huán)境友好。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">然而，自然界存在的生物酶并不能一直催化化學(xué)家所希望的反應(yīng)，這正是催化劑研究的一個研究正在重新編碼這些蛋白質(zhì)使其可以按化學(xué)家設(shè)想的方式發(fā)揮作用的原因。不過，生物酶對于其目標(biāo)非常具體，盡管它們能利用單一的手性配置生成一種產(chǎn)物，但它經(jīng)常是不希望得到的配置?！叭绻愀信d趣的是相對的手性配置，那么就麻煩了?！眰惗卮髮W(xué)瑪麗女王學(xué)院合成化學(xué)家 Stellios Arseniyadis說。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">當(dāng)前，化學(xué)家仍在擴大催化劑研究的邊界。例如，Li正在嘗試將生物酶插入納米顆粒中使其持續(xù)時間更長。其他人則在利用合成生物技術(shù)合成完全意義上的人工酶。而今年年初，一個國際研究團隊報告稱，利用電磁場催化環(huán)形碳化合物的形成。這些想法正在構(gòu)成傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)相互交叉的新研究領(lǐng)域，例如將化學(xué)合成與DNA相結(jié)合。對此，Arseniyadis表示，它形成了“意外發(fā)現(xiàn)珍寶的空間”。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><a href="http://m.xyuntea.cn/blog/_188101_251017.html"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>【上一篇：氫布局：“氫”領(lǐng)全球】</strong></span></a></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><a href="http://m.xyuntea.cn/blog/_188101_252806.html"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong class="">【下一篇：美軍正在研發(fā)坦克用燃料電池動力系統(tǒng)，有望成為全球最大氫能用戶】</strong></span></a></p></div><div id="yu4k4o2qm" class="do-element-share do-3qlj3"><div id="yu4k4o2qm" class="do-element-share-content"><div id="yu4k4o2qm" class="preLogos bdsharebuttonbox do-icon-default-bg align-left" data-tag="share_newsShow"><label>分享：</label><a class="bds_sqq do-share-li" title="分享到QQ好友" data-cmd="sqq"><span id="yu4k4o2qm" class="do-share-icon icon-qq"></span></a><a class="bds_weixin do-share-li" title="分享到微信" data-cmd="weixin"><span id="yu4k4o2qm" class="do-share-icon icon-weixin"></span></a><a class="bds_qzone do-share-li" title="分享到QQ空間" data-cmd="qzone"><span id="yu4k4o2qm" class="do-share-icon icon-kongjian"></span></a><a class="bds_tsina do-share-li" title="分享到新浪微博" data-cmd="tsina"><span id="yu4k4o2qm" 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